CONTENTS
Preface
To the Student
EVALUATING IDEAS: An Introduction to Critical Reading 1
WRITING ABOUT IDEAS: An Introduction to Rhetoric 13
PART ONE: DEMOCRACY 51
Howard Chandler Christy, Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States 57
Aristotle, Democracy and Oligarchy 59
The Founding Fathers, The Constitution of the United States of America 75
James Madison, Federalist No. 51: on the Separation of the Departments of Power 109
Alexis de Tocqueville, Government by Democracy in America 121
Carl Becker, Ideal Democracy 143
Julius K. Nyere, One-Party Government 165
Benazir Bhutto, Islam and Democracy 177
Stephen L. Carter, The Separation of Church and State
PART TWO: GOVERNMENT 195
Eugene Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People 200
Lao-Tzu, Thoughts from the Tao-te Ching 203
Niccolò Machiavelli, The Qualities of the Prince 219
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Origin of Civil Society 237
Thomas Jefferson, The Declaration of Independence 259
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions 269
Hannah Arendt, Total Domination 279
Marcus Tullius Cicero, The Defense of Injustice
PART THREE: ETHICS AND MORALITY 293
Joseph Wright, An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump 298
Henry David Thoreau, Civil Disobedience 301
Frederick Douglass, from Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave 327
Friedrich Nietzsche, Morality as Anti-Nature 343
Iris Murdoch, Morality and Religion 359
Martin Luther King, Jr., Letter from Birmingham Jail 375
Kwame Anthony Appiah, The Case Against Character 397
Michael Gazzaniga, Toward a Universal Ethics 415
Aristotle, The Aim of Man e-Page
PART FOUR: WEALTH AND POVERTY 433
Henry Osawa Tanner, The Thankful Poor 438
Adam Smith, Of the Natural Progress of Opulence 441
Karl Marx, The Communist Manifesto 453
Andrew Carnegie, The Gospel of Wealth 481
John Kenneth Galbraith, The Position of Poverty 499
Robert B. Reich, Why the Rich are Getting Richer and the Poor, Poorer 513
Milton and Rose Friedman, Created Equal
A WORLD OF IDEAS, 11th Edition
Bedford/St. Martins 2020
A World of Ideas introduces students to important thinkers whose ideas have shaped civilizations throughout history – from Plato to Adam Smith, from Virginia Woolf to Judith Butler, and from Machiavelli to Martin Luther King, Jr. This collection of essential readings is accompanied by extensive apparatus that helps students to understand, analyze, and respond critically to the great ideas of the world. This book is available in a variety of e-book formats. For details, visit bedfordsmartins.com/worldofideas/formats.
PART FIVE: EDUCATION, 533
Norman Rockwell, The Problem We All Live With 539
Hsun Tzu, Encouraging Learning 543
John Dewey, Thinking in Education 555
Maria Montessori, The Montessori Method 571
Carter G. Woodson, The Mis-Education of the Negro 587
Jonathan Kozol, The Uses of Diversity 605
Howard Gardner, Designing Education for Understanding 619
Ralph Waldo Emerson, On Education
PART SIX: GENDER AND CULTURE 645
Mary Cassatt, In the Loge 650
Mary Wollstonecraft, Pernicious Effects Which Arise from the Unnatural Distinctions Established in Society 653
John Stuart Mill, The Subjection of Women 669
Virgina Woolf, Shakespeare's Sister 689
Margaret Mead, Sex and Temperament 707
Germaine Greer, Masculinity 725
Judith Butler, From Undoing Gender 739
Karen Horney, The Distrust Between the Sexes
PART SEVEN: LANGUAGE 761
Wosene Worke Kosrof, The Color of Words IX 766
Susanne K. Langer, Language 769
Mario Pei, Theories of Language Beginning 783
James Baldwin, If Black English Isn't a Language, Then Tell Me, What is? 795
Bill Bryson, Where Words Come From 805
Neil Postman, The Word Weavers/ the World Makers 825
Noam Chomsky, New Horizons in the Study of Language 843
Alexander Pope, from An Essay on Criticism
PART EIGHT: DISCOVERIES AND THE MIND 857
Salvador Dali, The Persistence of Memory 861
Plato, The Allegory of the Cave 865
Francis Bacon, The Four Idols 879
Charles Darwin, Natural Selection 897
Sigmund Freud, The Oedipus Complex 915
Carl Jung, The Personal and the Collective Unconscious 827
Rene Descartes, Fourth Meditation: Of Truth and Error
INDEX OF RHETORICAL TERMS